Evaluation of C. perfringens cpe-positive Strain as a Source Tracking Indicator of Human Contamination in Freshwater Environments

Evaluation of C. perfringens cpe-positive Strain as a Source Tracking Indicator of Human Contamination in Freshwater Environments

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In this study, a hellfire sloe gin field survey of fecal contamination indicators and Clostridium perfringens cpe(+) in river environments was conducted to verify the effectiveness of C.perfringens cpe(+) as a microbial source tracking indicator in public water bodies.In the Saijo River, which serves as a model of point source contamination from human sewage effluents, the concentrations of Escherichia coli, enterococci and C.

perfringens increased after the inflow of sewage effluents, with the cpe-positive prevalence rate of C.perfringens isolates increasing from 13.3 to 21.

5%.In the Nagaike River, contaminated with household sewage effluents from non-point sources, high concentrations of E.coli, enterococci, and C.

perfringens cpe(+) were detected, with high cpe-positive prevalence rates of 27.6 and 26.4%.

Contrarily, in the Koayu River, which is contaminated with treated wastewater from a large swine farm, an increase in the concentration of fecal contamination indicators and C.perfringens was observed; however, the cpe-positive prevalence rate of C.perfringens deva curl arc angel isolates remained unchanged, ranging as low as 3.

6 and 3.9%.Altogether, our results revealed that the concentration and pollution load of C.

perfringens cpe(+) is an effective microbial source tracking indicator of human fecal contamination in freshwater environments.